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Media -- Eastern and Central Europe | |
The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is Eastern and Central European media and journalism. |
· Goban-Klas, Tomasz (1994) The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and its Aftermath. Westview Press.
· Gross, Peter (2002) Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press; Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
· Neuman, Johanna (June 1991) The Media: Partners in the Revolution of 1989. Atlantic Council Occasional Paper, Atlantic Council Publications.
· Splichal, Slavko (1994) Media beyond Socialism: Theory and Practice in East-Central Europe. Westview Press.
· Sükösd, Miklós, and Peter Bajomi Lazar, eds. (2002) Reinventing Media: Media Policy Reform in East Central Europe. Central European University Press.
· Thompson, Mark (1999) Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina. Article 19; University of Luton Press.
· Adavani, Ioana (May 3, 2002) "Press Freedom Is a Costly Issue," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=22&NrSection=4&NrArticle=4297
· Albright, Madeleine Korbel (1983) Poland: The Role of the Press in Political Change. Washington Papers, 102. Praeger.
· Alexander, J.C. (1981) "The Mass Media in a Systemic, Historical and Comparative Perspective." In E. Katz and T. Szecsko, eds., Mass Media and Social Change, Sage Publications, pp. 17-52.
· Alexandrova, Polia (July 17, 2001) "Corruption and Freedom of the Press: Media, Mafia, and Monopoly in Bulgaria," in World Press Review. http://www.worldpress.org/Europe/208.cfm
· Andreescu, G. (Dec. 1, 1995) "Political Manipulation at Its Best," in Transitions, pp. 46-49.
· Androunas, Elena (1993) Soviet Media in Transition: Structural and Economic Alternatives. Praeger.
· Aumente, Jerome, Peter Gross, Ray Hiebert, Owen V. Johnson, and Dean Mills (1999) Eastern European Journalism: Before, During and After Communism. Hampton Press.
· Aumente, Jerome (Fall 1999) "Struggles for Independent Journalism: Ten Years of Learning and Teaching, from Poland to Yugoslavia," in Media Studies Journal 13 (3), pp. 166-175.
· Bakardjieva, M. (1995) "The New Media Landscape in Bulgaria," in Canadian Journal of Communications 20(1).
· Breyerova, Petra (Jan. 15, 2001) "Toward Victory: Striking Journalists Win Important Concessions in Czech TV Crisis," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=18&NrSection=4&NrArticle=520&ST1=body&ST_T1=wir&ST_AS1=0&ST_max=1
· Breyerova, Petra (Jan. 9, 2001) "No More 'Bobovision': Czechs Mass in Prague's Main Square to Support Rebel Television Editors," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=6&NrSection=4&NrArticle=504
· Buzek, Anthony (1964) How the Communist Press Works. Praeger.
· Cappelli, Piero (1992) "Albanians Deceived by Italian Media," in Media Development 39(3), p. 41.
· Carey, Henry F. (Winter 1996) "From Big Lie to Small Lies: State Mass Media Dominance in Post-Communist Romania," in East European Politics and Society 10 (1), pp. 16-45.
· Casmir, Fred L., ed. (1995) Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture and Media in Contemporary Conflicts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
· Caushi, Genc (April 26, 2002) "Relationships between Journalists and Media Owners in Albania Are Often Rocky," in Transitions Online. http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=212
· Coman, Mihai (2000) "Development in Theory about Media Transition in Central and Eastern Europe," in Journalism Studies 1 (1), pp. 35-56.
· Cseh, Gabriella, Mihaly Enyedi Nagy, and Tibor Soltenski, eds. (1999) Mediakonyv. Enamike.
· Csonka, Agnes (Nov. 15, 1999) "A Daily Struggle: Many of Hungary's Best-Known Newspapers Have Gotten Used to Printing Red Ink: It May Be Running Out," in Budapest Business Journal, pp. 1-2.
· Curry, Jane L. (1990) Poland's Journalists: Professionalism and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
· Curry, Jane L. (1984) The Black Book of Polish Censorship. Vintage Press.
· Curry, Jane L. (Oct. 1983) "The Partitions and the Polish Press." Paper presented at the Conference on the Mass Media in Eastern Europe, Indiana University.
· Dahlgren, Peter (Oct. 2000) "The Internet and the Democratization of Civic Culture," in Political Communication 17 (4), pp. 335-340.
· Dahlgren, Peter (1987) "Ideology and Information in the Public Sphere." In J.D. Slack, et al., eds., The Ideology of the Information Age, Ablex, pp. 24-46.
· De La Brosse, Renaud (1995) "Les medias comme machines de guerre en ex-Yougoslavie," in Reporters Sans Frontieres, pp. 113-128.
· Deltcheva, Roumiana (March 1996) "New Tendencies in Post-Totalitarian Bulgaria: Mass Culture and the Media," in Europe-Asia Studies 48 (2), pp. 305-316.
· Demsky, Gabor (Summer 1995) "Breaking Censorship -- Making Peace," in Media Studies Journal, pp. 79-86.
· Donsbach, Wolfgang (Fall 1995) "Lapdogs, Watchdogs, and Junkyard Dogs," in Media Studies Journal, pp. 17-30.
· Downing, John (2002) "Issues for Media Theory in Russia's Transition from Dictatorship," in Media Development 1, pp. 7-12.
· Downing, John (1996) Internationalizing Media Theory: Transition, Power, Culture. Sage Publications.
· Druker, Jeremy (Jan. 26, 2001) "Color TV: Nothing is Black and White in the Czech Public Television Crisis," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=6&NrSection=4&NrArticle=548
· Druker, Jeremy (Fall 1999) "Naked Bodies, Runaway Ratings: TV Nova and the Czech Republic," in Media Studies Journal 13 (3), pp. 70-77.
· Druker, Jeremy (March/April 1995) "We Have No Independent Press or TV," in IPI Report 44 (3-4), pp. 33-34.
· Druker, Jeremy (March/April 1995) "Free from Censorship -- But Not from Money," in IPI Report 44 (3-4), pp. 34-35.
· Dulin, E. (1995) "Newspapers in Bulgaria: An American's Viewpoint," in PressLines, p. 9.
· Duncan, H., and J. Rosenbaum (1999) "When the Watchdog Sleeps: Perceptions of Czech Journalists in the 1990s." Paper presented at the EURICOM Colloquium on Media Ownership and Control in East-Central Europe, Piran, Slovenia.
· Fabris, H.H. (1995) "Westification?" In D.L. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Hampton Press, pp. 221-231.
· Fenton, Tom (Dec. 1995) Betting on the Media: Foreigners in for Low-Ante, High-Stakes Central European Game. The Freedom Forum.
· Fenton, Tom (Nov. 1994) Quiet Revolution. Cable Television Comes to Central Europe. Freedom Forum Media Studies Center.
· Fletcher, James E. (1993) "Eastern Europe: Public Opinion Polling Practices and Organizations." In Al Hester and L. Earle Reybold, eds., Revolutions for Freedom: The Mass Media in Eastern and Central Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, The University of Georgia, pp. 63-83.
· Fliess, Maurice, ed. (1994) Looking to the Future: A Survey of Journalism Education in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Freedom Forum.
· Frohlich, R., and C. Holtz-Bacha, eds. (2002) Journalism Education in Europe and North America. Hampton Press.
· Galik, Mihály, and Beverly James (1999) "Ownership and Control of the Hungarian Press," in Javnost -- The Public 6 (2), pp. 75-91.
· Garnham, Nicholas (1992) "The Media and the Public Sphere." In C. Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere, MIT Press, pp. 359-376.
· Garrison, Bruce (Aug. 9-12, 2000) "The Transitional Press Concept and English-Language Newspaper Readership in the Post-Communist Czech Republic." Paper presented at the International Communication Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Phoenix, Arizona.
· Geislinger, Esther (1997) "Zwischen Putsch und Preissteigerung: Russische Medien auf dem Weg von 'Alten' zum 'Neuen' Journalismus," in Publizistik 42, pp. 346-360.
· Gergely, Ildiko (Jan. 1997) Understanding the Media in Hungary. European Institute for the Media.
· Gerin, Roseanne (May 2000) "The Forgotten Promise of Freedom," in The Quill 88 (4), pp. 17-20.
· Giorgi, Liana (1995) The Post-Socialist Media: What Power the West? The Changing Media Landscape in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Avebury.
· Goban-Klas, Tomasz (1997) "Politics Versus the Media in Poland: A game without Rules." In Patrick A. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 24-41.
· Goodman, Robyn S. (2000) "The Post-Cold War Bulgarian Media: Free and Independent at Last?" Paper presented at the International Communication Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Phoenix, Arizona.
· Gross, Peter (2002) "Media Evolution in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania, 1989-2000." In Donald H. Johnston, ed., Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications, Academic Press.
· Gross, Peter (2003) "Romanian Media at the End of the First Post-Communist Decade," in Henry F. Carey, ed., Romania Ten Years After, Westview Press.
· Gross, Peter (February 2003) "New Relationships: Eastern European Media and the Post-Communist Political World," in Journalism Studies 4 (1).
· Gross, Peter, and Ray Hiebert (2002) "Remedial Education: The Remaking of Eastern European Journalists." In Romy Frohlich and C. Holtz-Bacha, eds., Journalism Education in Europe and North America, Hampton Press, pp. 257-282.
· Gross, Peter (Spring 2002) "Media and Political Society in Eastern Europe," in Media Development 1, pp. 28-32.
· Gross, Peter (2001) "(Imperfect) Work in Progress...." In D. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in Central and Eastern European Media, Hampton Press, pp. 243-280.
· Gross, Peter (1999) "Limping to Nowhere: Romania's Media under Constantinescu," in Romania: One Year into the Constantinescu Presidency, Occasional Paper Number 51, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, pp. 9-20.
· Gross, Peter (March 1998) "Inching toward Integrity," in Transitions, pp. 82-85.
· Gross, Peter (1996) Mass Media in Revolution and National Development: The Romanian Laboratory. Iowa State University Press.
· Gross, Peter (1995) "Romania." In D. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Eastern and Central Europe, Hampton Press, pp. 199-220.
· Gross, Peter, and Stephen King (May 1995) "Journalism Education: One of the Fastest Growing Program Areas in Romanian Higher Education," in International Communication Bulletin, p. 3, 23.
· Gross, Peter (1993) "Media as Catalysts, Impediments and Facilitators of Public Opinion Formation in the New Romania." In Oleg Manaev and Yuri Pryluk, eds., Media in Transition from Totalitarianism to Democracy, ABRIS, pp. 86-102.
· Gross, Peter, and Stephen King (Autumn 1993) "Romania's New Journalism Education Programs: Beginning or Beginning of the End?" in Journalism Educator, pp. 24-32.
· Gross, Peter (Summer 1991) "Restricting the Free Press in Romania," in Orbis, pp. 265-275.
· Gross, Peter (1990) "The Still Applicable Totalitarian Theory of the Press: The Case of Romania." In Slavko Splichal, et al., eds., Democratization and the Media, TV Capodistria, pp. 94-106.
· Gross, Peter (Sept./Oct. 1990) "Romania: Retreat from Freedom," in Columbia Journalism Review, p. 64.
· Gross, Peter (May/June 1990) "Small Signs of Great Changes...at a Romanian TV station," in Columbia Journalism Review, pp. 37-39.
· Gross, Peter (May 1990) "East Europe: Hungarian Firm Tests Freedom," in Broadcasting Magazine, p. 52.
· Gross, Peter (Feb. 27, 1990) "Hungary's New Tabloid Media," in The Christian Science Monitor, p. 19.
· Gross, Peter (1990) "Exercises in Cynicism and Propaganda: Law, Legality and Foreign Correspondence in Romania," in Political Communication and Persuasion 6 (3), pp. 179-190.
· Gross, Peter (1990) "The USA As Seen through the Eyes of Romania's Scinteia," in East European Quarterly 24 (3), pp. 373-392.
· Gross, Peter (1988) "Trials, Tribulations, and Contributions: A Brief History of the Romanian Press," in East European Quarterly 22 (1), pp. 1-22.
· Gulyas, Agnes (2002) "Democratisation and the Mass Media in Post-Communist Hungary," in Media Development 1, pp. 33-38.
· Gyorgy, Petr (Fall 1995) "Seeing through the Media," in Media Studies Journal 9 (4), pp. 109-118.
· Hall, Richard A. (1997) "The Dynamics of Media Independence in Post-Ceausescu Romania." In Patrick H. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 102-123.
· Hankiss, Elemer (1993) The Hungarian Media's War of Independence. Center for Social Studies.
· Hankiss, Elemer (Winter 1990) "In Search of a Paradigm," in Daedalus 119 (1), pp. 183-215.
· Haraszti, Miklos (1987) The Velvet Prison: Artists under State Socialism. Basic Books.
· Havel, Vaclav (Summer 1995) "A Soul of the Soul," in Media Studies Journal, 9 (3), pp. 25-26.
· Hester, Al (1992) "The Albanian Press: Battling for More Freedom." In A. Hester, L. Earle Reybold, and K. Conger, eds., The Post-Communist Press in Eastern and Central Europe: New Studies, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, The University of Georgia, pp. 5-26.
· Hopkins, John D. (Jan./Feb. 2000) "Learning the Role of Democracy: Inexperienced Czech Journalists Prepare for the Long Road Ahead," in Quill 88 (1), pp. 42-43.
· Hopkins, Mark W. (1970) Mass Media in the Soviet Union. Western Publishing Company.
· Hornik, R. (1980) "Communication as Complement in Development," in Journal of Communication 30, pp. 10-24.
· Horobova, Miroslava (Jan. 9, 2001) "Signaling Slovakia: Come in Slovakia," in Transition Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLrus/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=18&NrSection=4&NrArticle=503
· Horvat, Janos (1992) "Media Democracy and Media Freedom in Eastern Europe." Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, Miami, Florida.
· Horvat, Janos (1992) "How Free are East European Media without State Control?" in Media Development 4, p. 37.
· Horvat, Janos (1991) "The East European Journalist," in Journal of International Affairs 45, pp. 191-200.
· Husarska, Anna (1986) "Voices from the Underground: Publishing in Poland," in New Leader, p. 86.
· Imholz, Kathleen (Nov. 1, 1998) "Note on the Albanian Private Media Law," in Post-Soviet Media Law and Policy Newsletter, pp. 51-52.
· Ionescu, Dan (1996) "Tele-Revolution to Tele-Evolution in Romania," in Transition 2 (8), p. 42.
· Ivantcheva, A. (2000) "TV Commercials: Bulgaria Licenses Its First Private National TV Operator," in Central Europe Review 2 (11) http://www.ce-review.org/00/11/ivantcheva11.html
· Jakubowicz, Karol (April 2001) "Virtuous vs. Vicious Circles: Systemic Transformation and Media Change in Central and Eastern Europe." Paper presented at the Democratization and Media Conference, Bellagio, Italy.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1998) "Improving on the West -- The Native Way: Poland." In The Development of the Audiovisual Landscape in Central Europe since 1989, ULP/John Libbey Media.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1996) "Television and Elections in Post-1989 Poland: How Powerful Is the Medium?" In David L. Swanson and Paolo Mancini, eds., Politics, Media and Modern Democracy, Praeger, pp. 139-154.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1996) "Media Legislation as a Mirror of Democracy," in Transition 2 (21), pp. 17-21.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1995) "Poland: What Mix of Continuity and Change?" in Javnost--The Public 2 (3), pp. 61-80.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1995) "Media within and without the State: Press Freedom in Eastern Europe," in Journal of Communication 45 (4), pp. 125-139.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1995) "Media as Agents of Change." In D.L. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Hampton Press, pp.19-48.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1995) "Poland." In D.L. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Hampton Press, pp. 129-148.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (Summer 1992) "From Party Propaganda to Corporate Speech? Polish Journalism in Search of a New Identity," in Journal of Communication 42 (3), pp. 64-107.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (1991) "Musical Chairs. The Three Public Spheres in Poland." In P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks, eds., Communication and Citizenship, Routledge, pp. 155-175.
· Jakubowicz, Karol (June/July 1989) "Poland: Media Systems in Transition," in Intermedia, pp. 25-28.
· Johnson, Owen V. (1995) "Czechs and Balances: Mass Media and the Velvet Revolution." In Jeremy Popkin, ed., Media and Revolution. University Press of Kentucky, pp. 220-232.
· Johnson, Owen V. (1995) "East Central and Southeastern Europe, Russia and the Newly Independent States." In John C. Merrill, ed., Global Journalism: Survey of International Communication, Longman, pp. 155-171.
· Johnson, Owen V. (1993) "Whose Voice? Freedom of Speech and the Media in Central Europe," in Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, University of Georgia, pp. 1-53.
· Johnson, Owen V. (Autumn/Winter 1986) "Unbridled Freedom: The Czech Press and Politics, 1918-1938," in Journalism History 13 (3-4), pp. 96-103.
· Kaminski, T. (Fall 1987) "Underground Publishing in Poland," in Orbis 31 (3), pp. 313-330.
· Kaplan, Frank L. (Spring 1996) "Changes in the Czechoslovak and Czech Mass Media since 1989: A U.S. Perspective," in East European Quarterly 30 (1), pp. 115-129.
· Kaplan, Frank L. (1977) Winter into Spring: The Czechoslovak Press and the Reform Movement, 1963-1968. Columbia University Press.
· Kapoor, Michael (Feb. 2001) "Muzzled: The Media under Attack," in Business Central Europe, pp. 14-17.
· Kaufman, Peter (Sept. 7, 1990) "Coming up for Air," in Publisher's Weekly, pp. 14-22.
· Keane, John (1993) "Democracy and Media: Without Foundation." In O. Manaev and Y. Pryliuk, eds., Media in Transition: From Totalitarianism to Democracy, ABRIS, pp. 3-24.
· Keane, John (1991) The Media and Democracy. Polity Press.
· Keczkemeti, Paul (1950) "Totalitarian Communication as a Means of Control," in Public Opinion Quarterly, pp. 224-34.
· Keller, T. (1995) "Bulgarian Journalists: Job Satisfaction in the Early Post-Communist Era." Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, Washington, D.C.
· Kepplinger, Hans Mathias, and Renate Kocher (June 1990) "Professionalism in the Media World?" in European Journal of Communication 5 (2-3), pp. 285-311.
· Kettle, Steve (1997) "The Development of the Czech Media since the Fall of Communism." In Patrick H. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 42-60.
· Kopplova, Barbara, Jan Jirak, and Frank L. Kaplan (1993) "Major Trends in the Czech Mass Media after November 1989." In Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Communication Training and Research, University of Georgia, pp. 193-256.
· Kosc, Wojtek (Jan. 9, 2001) "Polish Official Calls for Media De-Politicization: Czech TV Crisis Prompts Poland to Rethink Its Own Public Media," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=6&NrSection=4&NrArticle=502
· Kosztolanyi, G. (1999) "Screen Test: TV Broadcasting in Hungary. Episode One: On the Threshold of Privatization," in Central Europe Review 1 (6). http://www.ce-review.org/99/6/tv_csardas6.html
· Kovats, Ildiko (1998) "Hungarian Journalists." In David H. Weaver, ed., The Global Journalists: News People around the World, Hampton Press, pp. 257-276.
· Kovats, Ildiko, and Gordon Whiting (1995) "Hungary." In D.L. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Hampton Press, pp. 97-129.
· Koven, Ronald (Winter 1994) "Media Laws in Eastern Europe: The Meddler's Itch," in CSCE/ODIHR Bulletin 2 (1), pp. 48-50.
· Kowalski, Tadeusz (1988) "Evolution after Revolution: The Polish System in Transition," in Media, Culture and Society, pp. 183-196.
· Lanczi, A., and P.H. O'Neil (1997) "Pluralization and the Politics of Media Change in Hungary." In Patrick H. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 82-101.
· Lendvai, Paul (1981) The Bureaucracy of Truth: How Communist Governments Manage the News. Burnett Books.
· Lieszwewska, Barbara (Summer 1996) "Poland: Struggling," in Nieman Reports 50 (2), pp. 48-50.
· Lovatt, Catherine (1999) "Television: Surviving on Schlock," in Central Europe Review 1 (6) http://www.ce-review.org/99/6/tv_lovatt6.html
· Luketic, Katarina (July 3, 2001) "A Dead Sea: The Croatian Media, after Enduring Ten Years of Repression under Late President Franjo Tudjman, Seem Poised to Once Again Fall under the Yoke of the Government," in Transitions Online. http://archiv.medienhilfe.ch/News/2001/CROLuketic.htm
· Madden, Normandy (April 19, 1996) "Foreign Investors Find Success, and Frustration, in Terrestrial Television Broadcasting," in Transitions, pp. 10-12.
· Mainland, E. (1986) "The Voice Present and Future: VOA, the USSR and Communist Europe." In K.R.M. Short, ed., Western Broadcasting over the Iron Curtain, St. Martin's Press, pp. 113-133.
· Manaev, Oleg (April 2001) "Democratization and Mass Media in Post-Communist Belarus: Emerging of New Social Institutions and Culture." Paper presented at the Media and Democratization Conference, Bellagio, Italy.
· Manaev, Oleg (1995) "Rethinking the Social Role of the Media in a Society in Transition," in Canadian Journal of Communication 20, pp. 45-65.
· Margueritte, Beranad J. (Aug. 1995) "Post-Communist Eastern Europe: The Difficult Birth of a Free Press." Discussion Paper D, Joan Shorenstein Center on Press and Politics, Harvard University.
· Maroszova, Barbora, and Miroslava Horobova (May 3, 2001) "Marriage of Convenience: With the Creation of His Own Political Party, Slovakia's Media Mogul Widens His Power Base," in Transitions Online. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOLnew/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=21&NrSection=4&NrArticle=790
· Marton, Kati (Spring 1995) "From Ankara to Bratislava, Nationalism Poses Greatest Threat to Journalists and Free Press in Balkans," in Dangerous Assignments: Quarterly News about Press Freedom around the World, pp. 8-9, 13.
· McClear, Rich (Autumn 1994) "Radio Tirana," in TransAtlantic Perspectives 30, pp. 38-39.
· McIntosh, M. (1986) "Public Opinion Assessment and Radio Free Europe's Effectiveness in Eastern Europe." In K.R.M Short, ed., Western Broadcasting over the Iron Curtain, St. Martin's Press, pp. 245-263.
· McQuail, Denis (Summer 1995) "New Role for New Times?" in Media Studies Journal, pp. 11-19.
· (April 30, 1996) "Miazek Shakes up Polish Television; Consequences for Broadcasting Licenses," in Post-Soviet Media Law and Policy Newsletter, pp. 5-7.
· Michnik, Adam (Fall 1999) "Gazeta Wyborcza at 10: The Progress of Poland since Communism," in Media Studies Journal, pp. 80-89.
· Michnik, Adam (Spring/Summer 1998) "After Communism, Journalism: Ten Commandments for a Decent Journalist," in Media Studies Journal, pp. 104-113.
· Michnik, Adam (Summer 1995) "Samizdat Goes Public," in Media Studies Journal, pp. 69-78.
· Mickiewicz, Ellen (March 2002) "Choice and Reception: Russian Media and the Public." Paper presented at the Political Communication, the Mass Media and the Consolidation of New Democracies Workshop, European Consortium of Political Research, Turin, Italy.
· Mills, R.D. (1983) "Mass Media as Vehicles of Education, Persuasion, and Opinion Making...in the Communist World." In L. John Martin and A.G. Chaudhary, eds., Comparative Mass Media Systems, Longman, pp. 167-186.
· Milton, Andrew K. (1997) "News Media Reform in Eastern Europe: A Cross-National Comparison." In Patrick H. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 7-23.
· Mitchell, Johnston (1993) "Print Privatization: Ownership, Distribution and Production, the Baltic States and Bulgaria." In Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, The University of Georgia, pp. 449-464.
· Mollison, Thomas A. (1998) "Standpoint: Television Broadcasting Leads Romania's March toward an Open, Democratic Society," in Journal of Braoadcasting and Electronic Media 42, pp. 128-141.
· Molnar, Peter (Fall 1999) "Transforming Hungarian Broadcasting," in Media Studies Journal 13 (3), pp. 90-97.
· Mondak, J.J. (2002) "Media and Tolerance: Empirical Evidence of Mixed Effects." In D.L. Paletz, K. Jakubowicz, and P. Novosel, eds., Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in Central and Eastern European Media, Hampton Press.
· Nikolchev, Ivan (Sept. 4-5, 1998) "Journalists as Lawmakers: Grassroots Initiatives for Media Regulation in Bulgaria, 1996-1998." Paper presented at The Profession of Journalism in a Democratic Society: East-West Perspectives Conference, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
· Nikolchev, Ivan (1997) "Polarization and Diversification in the Bulgarian Press." In Patrick H. O'Neil, ed., Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Frank Cass, pp. 124-144.
· Oates, Sarah (March 2002) "Tuning out Democracy: Television, Voters and Parties in Russia, 1993-2000. Paper presented at the Political Communication, the Mass Media and the Consolidation of New Democracies Workshop, European Consortium of Political Research, Turin, Italy.
· Ognianova, Ekaterina (June 1997) The Transitional Media System of Post-Communist Bulgaria. AEJMC: Journalism and Mass Communication Monographs, Number 162.
· Oledzki, Jerzy (1998) "Polish Journalists: Professionals or Not?" In David H. Weaver, ed., The Global Journalists: News People around the World, Hampton Press, pp. 277-298.
· Olson, Scott R. (1995) "New Democratic Vistas: Demassification and the Polish Media." In Fred L. Casmir, ed., Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and Media in Contemporary Conflicts, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 167-196.
· Oltay, Edith (1993) "The Hungarian Press Struggles to Survive," in RFE/RL Research Report 2, pp. 50-53.
· Oltay, Edith (1993) "Hungarian Radio and Television under Fire," in RFE/RL Research Report 24, p. 41.
· O'Neil, Patrick H., ed. (1998) Communicating Democracy: The Media and Political Transitions. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
· O'Neil, Patrick H., ed. (1997) Post-Communism and the Media in Eastern Europe. Frank Cass.
· Orcutt, April (1993) "Optimism, Pessimism, and Paradox: Broadcast Freedom in Slovakia." In Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, pp. 311-339.
· Packer, Cathy (1993) "The Emergence of the Free Press in Albania." In Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe, James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, pp. 83-100.
· Paletz, David, Karol Jakubowicz, and Pavao Novosel, eds. (2002) Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in Central and Eastern European Media. Hampton Press.
· Paletz, David, Karol Jakubowicz, and Pavao Novosel, eds. (1995) Glasnost and After: Media and Change in Central and Eastern Europe. Hampton Press.
· Paulu, Burton (1974) Radio and Television Broadcasting in Eastern Europe. University of Minnesota Press.
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